The Wind and the sparks Review Essay Example

The Wind and the flashes Review Paper Article on The Wind and the sparkles Pekhov I was agreeably astounded. I started to peruse it with this quadruplicate, which I believe is by a wide margin the most impressive of his works. Very much investigated multi-polar universe of blade and enchantment. The world dove into war, which starts on the main pages of the principal book, and finishes on the last pages of the fourth. The enchantment of this world the part of top choices, not just every entertainer is just a master in its field which is foreordained by his own qualities, and to go past that is practically incomprehensible. A few of the fundamental characters, an assortment of the two his character and inception and status, the exemplary Country Company: professional killer, an understudy witch, light and dull wizards, a straightforward gatekeeper, Barbarian scout, demonology chelovekolyagushka of wetlands, an unusual creature, etc .d .. Watch the undertakings of legends who constantly leave and join again extremely intriguing, Pekhov not for a second permit us to get exhausted in any case, the primary concern that I was appallingly satisfied at Pehova - . it is surprising plot turns, I would state somersault. So burnt out on perusing are acceptable, when all is said in done, that the book, which nearly from the absolute first lines it turns out to be evident that the executioner head servant And the unexpected developments are not unrealistic and even give some validness story. How would you like it for tens and several pages we watch one of the fundamental scalawags, all going to the following hub and the story he once and is slaughtered by irregular in the general blast. Also, it doesn't resemble such a stunts ears, and naturally woven into the texture of the story. What's more, this at Pehova insufficient. Its ideal to peruse a book that is elegantly composed furthermore continually interests you. We will compose a custom paper test on The Wind and the sparkles Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Wind and the sparkles Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Wind and the flashes Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Any individual who adores a decent dream firmly exhort this cycle is intriguing to peruse.

Comparison Essay: Susan Glaspell’s “the Jury of Her Peers”

Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers† and Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† are incredible instances of the utilization of imagery in short story writing. â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers† recounts to the narrative of a homicide examination that happens in Dickson County in the 1910’s, in which Minnie Wright is the primary suspect. Welty’s piece, then again, is a portrayal of an old dark woman’s long excursion to get her debilitated grandson a Christmas present, a benevolent deed for Phoenix’s sake. In the two stories, the utilization of imagery is unmistakably repeated, along these lines, to build up the character and the situation.However, the profundity and the intricacy of those images, furnishes â€Å"A Worn Path† with a vastly improved substance image relationship, which thus, works better for the plot of the story. A character’s character and principle qualities are among the most significant compo nents in any scholarly piece and the utilization of imagery is an amazing instrument toward achieving roundness in a character. In â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers†, the feathered creature (a canary) is the image used to portray Minnie’s character as â€Å"Real sweet and pretty, however sort of bashful and †fluttery† (208).This image epitomizes Minnie before she got hitched and was removed by her significant other to live in all out disconnection. In spite of the fact that the image is top notch in the story, it is done as such in a strict manner, which detracts from the importance and understanding to be given by the peruser. The female characters in the story make implication, in parts of their discourse, to this image. This can be seen when one of the characters (the sheriff’s spouse) says â€Å"She [Minnie] †then again, she was somewhat similar to a feathered creature herself† (208), which covers in a couple of words, the importance of the flying creature symbol.In differentiate, in â€Å"A Worn Path†, the significance of the image proposed to characterize the principle character, is inferred instead of artistically introduced. Phoenix, which is the protagonist’s name, is likewise a legendary fowl that is portrayed by its quality, long life and the capacity to ascend from its own remains after it bites the dust. This translation, or some other that can be attracted agreement to various legends, isn't referenced in any capacity along the story. It is inferred and must be found through the information on the protagonist’s assurance and drive.As she voyages â€Å"up through pines† (6) and â€Å"down through oaks† (6), this old woman never at any point considers surrendering and getting back flat broke. Thus, the circumstance introduced in the two stories is likewise uncovered using imagery. In â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers†, this imagery is presented as a confine, which is home to Minnie’s canary in any case, simultaneously, speaks to her present circumstance. The image for this situation is utilized to show the detachment and imprisonment in which Minnie is living â€Å"down in a hollow†¦ friendless place† (198). It is a widespread image and, in that capacity, can be effectively deciphered. Notwithstanding, it's anything but an exceptionally profound one; it is doesn't require a lot of exertion for a peruser to understand its importance. Interestingly, â€Å"A Worn Path† utilizes an authorial image, which just applies to the setting of the story. This not the slightest bit implies a superior method of introducing the circumstance, yet the manner in which the image is placed in the story gives it a more profound significance. The paper windmill is, in this unique situation, set to speak to Phoenix’s situation.She is a â€Å"very old and small† (1) lady, delicate and poor, which is actually what the paper windmill is ut ilized to represent, an extremely delicate and modest item. This imagery can likewise be broke down from Phoenix’s grandson’s perspective, as to him, it would be an image of liberality and generosity. Regardless of how poor they are, his grandma burned through cash and energy to astonish him. As old Phoenix told the medical caretaker around, â€Å"He going to discover hard to accept there something like this in the world†, such is his impression of his grandmother.As appeared previously, imagery is an incredible apparatus that, when utilized appropriately, can give a short story a great deal of importance and profundity. It is an astounding method to suggest criticalness to a straightforward component in a story and to give a more profound feeling of the truth to the peruser. Welty’s piece, â€Å"A Worn Path†, accomplishes a more significant level of undertone than Glaspell does in â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers†, where the importance of the co mponents utilized as images are either clarified inside the piece, or too easy to even consider having a profound meaning.Also, the blend of all inclusive and authorial images furnishes â€Å"A Worn Path† with more thoughts and ends to be drawn from the images introduced. All in all, Welty utilizes imagery to achieve a progressively complete piece. â€Å"A Worn Path† is a brilliant case of the best possible utilization of imagery to convey a story that is both profound and intriguing. It gives the peruser an eye catching plot just as, suggested thoughts that give the peruser a superior feeling of the centrality of the images utilized without really clarifying them.WORK CITED Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers†. Writing: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Robert Zweig. fifth Compact ed. Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2012. 170. Print. Welty, Eudora. â€Å"A Worn Path†. Writing: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Robert Zweig. fifth Compact ed. Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2012. 270. Print. Indeces OUTLINE I. Presentation: Thesis explanation the utilization of imagery is plainly duplicated, along these lines, to build up the character and the situation.However, the profundity and the multifaceted nature of those images, gives â€Å"A Worn Path† a vastly improved substance image relationship, which thus, works better for the plot of the story. II. Body: A. First passage * Key thought: utilization of imagery to characterize the hero. * â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers† * â€Å"A Worn Path† B. Second section * Key thought: utilization of imagery to set the circumstance in the story. * â€Å"The Jury of Her Peers† * â€Å"A Worn Path† C. Third passage * Key thought: Personal supposition on which story utilizes imagery best. III. End The article is summed up and an end is introduced from the focuses uncovered all through its substance.

Learn About the Verb Essere (To Be) in Italian

Find out About the Verb Essere (To Be) in Italian Essere is an unpredictable action word (un verbo irregolare); it doesn't follow an anticipated example of conjugation. Note that the structure sono is utilized with bothâ io and loro. Linguistic Notes Essere is utilized with di name of a city to demonstrate city of inception (the city somebody is from). To show nation of starting point, a descriptive word of nationality is commonly utilized: He is from France He is French È francese. Io sono di Chicago: tu di dove sei? (Im from Chicago; where are you from?) Essere di legitimate name is utilized to show ownership. No punctuation s is utilized in Italian to show ownership: It is Annas It is of Anna È di Anna. Questa chitarra à ¨ di Beppino; non à ¨ di Vittoria. (This guitar is Beppinos; its not Vittorias.) To discover who the proprietor of something is, ask Di chi à ¨ particular or Di chi sono plural. Di chi à ¨ questo stick? Di chi sono questi cani? (Whose canine is this? Whose mutts are these?) Essere as an Auxiliary Verb Essere is likewise utilized as an assistant action word in the accompanying cases: Reflexive action words: those action words whose activity returns to the subject, as in the accompanying models: I wash myself. They appreciate themselves.Impersonal structure: as in the English counterparts one, you, we, they, or individuals action word. Si mangia bene in Italia - People (They) eat well in Italy.Passive voice: in an inactive development the subject of the action word gets the activity as opposed to doing it, as in the sentence: Caesar was murdered by Brutus. The current state (il presente) of essere is as per the following: Conjugating the Italian Verb Essere in the Present Tense SINGOLARE PLURALE (io) sono I am (noi) siamo we are (tu) sei you are (fam.) (voi) siete you are (fam.) (Lei) you are (structure.) (Loro) sono you are (structure.) (lui) he is (loro) sono they are (fam.) To Be, or Not To Be?: Compound Tenses The compound tenses are action word tenses, for example, theâ passato prossimo, that comprise of two words. The proper tense ofâ avereâ orâ essereâ (called theâ auxiliary or helping action words) and the past participle of the objective action word frames the action word state. When usingâ essere, the past participle consistently concurs in sexual orientation and number with the subject of the action word. It can along these lines have four endings:â -o, - a, - I, - e. As a rule intransitive action words (those that can't take an immediate article), particularly those communicating movement, are conjugated with the assistant verbâ essere. The verbâ essereâ is likewise conjugated with itself as the assistant action word. The absolute most regular action words that structure compound tenses withâ essereâ include: andare (to go)arrivare (to arrive)cadere (to fall, to drop)costare (to cost)crescere (to grow)diventare (to become)per durare, continuare (to last, to continue)per entrare (to enter)morire (to die)nascere (to be born)lasciare, partire (to leave, to depart)stare, rimanere (to remain, to remain)ritornare (to return)uscire (to exit)venire (to come)

How to Write a Last-minute Essay -- Expository Process Essays

Step by step instructions to Write a Last-minute Essay In secondary school I was relegated various papers to compose. With each paper came a protracted timeframe when I was to conceptualize, build up a theory, sort out a presentation, make supporting contentions, and convey an excellent end. After a few endeavors at loosening up this procedure over the assigned time, I found that it was furthering my potential benefit on the off chance that I spared the whole venture until the most recent day or two and dashed myself against the cutoff time clock. What brought about practically the entirety of my endeavors were bits of composing that utilized my innovative ability and centered my perpetual want to compose into an unmistakable article. Since I am taking a school arrangement course, I feel that the expertise of composing a quality a minute ago paper under tension ought to be imparted to my colleagues in the realm of school composing. To effectively sort out a very late article, a point must be chosen and settled upon before plunking down to compose. This guarantees the author can remain intellectually engaged and have the option to focus exclusively on composing the article. Once the to...

Analysis of the Current and Future use of Internet Technologies in Essay

Investigation of the Current and Future utilization of Internet Technologies in Qatar Airways - Essay Example By urging travelers to book straightforwardly with the carrier, considerable investment funds emerge in light of the fact that aircrafts don't bring about installments to trip specialists and Global Distribution System Companies. Along these lines, Qatar Airways has attempted to empower most extreme communication with travelers through its site, notwithstanding giving travelers Internet and content informing administrations on board its increasingly present day airplanes. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis recommends that serious competition continues among aircrafts in the Middle East and Qatar Airways must offer a similar degree of administration as Emirates Airlines, the main carrier brand in the locale, for less. The infomediary model introduced by Professor Michael Rappa helps with understanding the methodology for Qatar Airways, which must utilize motivating force advertising and accentuate introduction of far reaching data. The Flower of Service Model recommends that Qatar Airways must stress support for its center result of moving travelers with administrations equipped to give data, conference, friendliness, charging and installment together with request taking and the treatment of exemptions. By and by, Qatar Airways utilizes Internet advancements to help the recently referenced administrations, however almost certainly, later on further help for travelers and their needs will be accessible as higher transfer speed systems become accessibl e and better interfacing with present day air terminals, including the new Doha air terminal, opens up. Assessment and examination of the Qatar Airways site recommends that this site gives all traveler needs, aside from helping travelers to design completely their outings. The Qatar Airways site positions second just to the Emirates Airlines site among all territorial aircraft sites in light of the fact that at present Qatar Airways can't offer thorough assistance to travelers needing to design their outings in detail, perhaps

Silent Dance Party

Silent Dance Party Its been a while! I fully apologize for not writing since getting to MIT its been a crazy few weeks, but Im finally settled in and ready to blog. I moved to Burton-Conner this year, which, much like East Campus, has very different floor cultures, so Im very happy to say that Im now a resident of Burton 1, and unfortunately for Snively will probably never move out. Burton 1 is known for its 09 floor chair Kip, whose voice is deeper than the Atlantic Ocean and is only a few decibels louder than a sledgehammer, its collective love of the song The Way I Are by Timbaland, and Dima and Richs classy tea parties (an invite was once extended to Susan Hockfield, but she never RSVPed). Since our return for the fall semester, however, the parties on our floor have been increasing in number, size, and volume, to the point that people in China can almost no longer hear Kips inside voice. Saturday nights event went much later and louder than was acceptable, and so, after our floor chairs met with our housemaster Roe, the floor convened to discuss how we would deal with similar situations in the future. Eventually we began discussing possible solutions, i.e. events in lieu of blasting dance parties one of which was the silent dance party. Later that evening Jamie of the 133 suite sent out an email: When blasting loud music fails. We are thinking of investing in some silence :-) Plan: Buy a radio transmitter (range ~ 30 ft) and put it on our ceiling. http://www.hobbytron.com/digital-fm-transmitter.html Buy very cheap wireless headphone fm radio sets. (about 20) http://www.laughshop.com/lsstore/practical_stuff/fmradio.htm And of course http://www.drugstore.com/qxc74799_333181_sespider/aaa_batteries/aaa_batteries.htm The initial cost would about around $100. After that most likely about $10 a party for enough batteries for 20 people. Everyone gets their own headphone set so we all listen to the same stream of glorious music. We can dance, and no one outside our suite can hear a thing. Besides, isnt $100 worth the look on Roes face when he walks in to a room full of 20 people dancing in complete silence? We want input. -133 Best idea ever? I THINK SO. Never let it be said that MIT students arent adept problem solvers, especially in the face of having their party privileges taken away. To be serious for a moment, we would like to apologize to any Burton-Conner residents trying to sleep on Saturday night. It was an impromptu event that was not handled well, and similar parties will be dealt with much better in the future. On a more positive note, I have a single for the first time in MIT history! Most MIT students move from doubles to singles after freshman year, and while its a little odd not being able to say NEHA. WATCH THIS VIDEO OF A WOMAN WITH NO HANDS, every five minutes (I really loved living in a double), it does have its perks (I can drink juice from the carton, and nobody is allowed to care). Unfortunately, my camera was recently broken, so I apologize for the lack of color. If we do, however, end up executing the silent dance party, therell be many pictures to come! (They might be drawn in Paint, though.)

The Culture and History of Switzerland Essay - 275 Words

The Culture and History of Switzerland (Essay Sample) Content: The Culture and History of SwitzerlandName:University:Role of Alps in shaping both the culture and history of SwitzerlandIn Switzerland, the three major languages of the Europe as a continent and cultures are used. These are the French, Germany, and Italian languages (are all national languages of the country) inclusive of Romansh, which is used by a small minority. This phenomenon explains the diversity of the Swiss culture that manifests in the various traditional customs (Maissen, 2015). However, Alps have played a significant role in shaping not only the culture but also the history of Switzerland. In the early 14 century, Gotthard Pass had emerged as the epicenter of Swiss Confederacy. Currently, all the mountain areas of the country have both strong mountaineering and skiing culture. Interestingly, the culture is related to folk arts (yodeling and alphorn). Nevertheless, there are other icons that denote the Swiss culture such as the Swiss cheese, Swiss chocola te, Swiss Army Knife, Watches, and cowbell (Bendix Hasan-Rokem, 2012).Creation of Swiss ConfederationThe main principle that characterizes the country's political system is that the citizens have the highest political authority in the states of Swiss. They have the leverage of conveying their opinion at the levels such as communal, cantonal, and federal. Moreover, they can not only vote on different issues but also elect representatives to the Federal Assembly (Swiss Community, 2015).Response to question 3The geopolitics and geography of the Swiss sustained and allowed a tension-laden but poly centricity that was effective. The cantons stubbornly, on autonomy, canalized the attempts, as well as, state-building into a league mode of association instead of centralizing the unitary state model. The ultimate sovereignty neither depends on the citizen nor in some of the universal central principles though it will depend on the autonomous communities. It can be explained by the differen ce of in the democratic process of this country in comparison to other democracies. It has a direct democracy where the citizens influence government activities directly through either referenda or initiatives. In the federalism, the constitutional powers are citizen-centered as well as the cantons. Moreover, they have a consociational democracy where the cantonal majority rules. Cantons that are small have equal weight to those that are big (Swiss Community, 2015).Response to question 4In my opinion, the culture and color character of the Zurich, Geneva, and Basel relatively differ. It can be attributed to the cantons firmly anchors culture of the citizens. These cities are important facets of cultural identity as they contribute to the cultural and social substance towards the maintenance of the nation that is polycentric. Moreover, the dynamics of these cities have been quite different inclusive of the majority of their dwellers (Swiss Community, 2015).Huldrich Zwingli the reform erHuldrich Zwingli was a leader of Switzerland's reformation of the Catholic Church.His ideas were geared towards reforming the Roman Catholic Church. The reformist movements however encountered resistance from several cantons. His role in the Protestant Reformation entailed publication...

The Field Of Sociology Is An Old But Ever Changing...

The field of sociology is an old but ever changing systematic study of human behaviour in a social context. Within the field of sociology, in order to create a contextual understanding of the influences that create society in which we live theories are employed to explain the forces that shape our social world. Such theories are essential in explaining emerging social phenomena such as pornification (Furze et al, 2015). Pornification of the social world has become a significant mass media issue of which continues to grow. It is not only apparent in its raw form as pornography on the internet but also in various social media feeds, in advertising , discussed in the press, and as a part of some forms of entertainment. Key concepts of this†¦show more content†¦In essence, pornification refers to not just the self-expression of sexuality and sexual freedom, but also to the mainstreaming of pornography (Caddick, 2010) and its consequent normalisation within society (Kosut, 2012) . Due to pornography’s mainstreaming within society, pornification challenges theories of normalisation, sexuality and the role of the illicit (Mulholland, 2011) and in turn evokes concerns in relation to the development of identities, commoditisation of sexual desire, sexualisation of women and young girls, gender inequality, and violence against women with the inclusion of rape culture (Kosut, 2012). As for example; through pornification in its readily available raw form, pornography, it is implied that women in general should be valued only for their bodies due to enjoying all sexual acts. This in turn sexualises male supremacy which is believed to desensitise men and lead to the view of women being passive sexual objects and therefore the sexualisation of women and young girls as well gender inequality (Boyle, 2012). Other examples may include those that couple sexual acts with violence. Therefore, it can be said that pornification and more specifically pornography provide a fantasy situation in which violence against women and rape culture become permissible and encouraged (Boyle, 2012),

The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights - 1826 Words

For decades, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been used as an overall basis for the rights every human is enabled to, no matter their differences. Without a doubt, there are several countries that violate this declaration and have no respect for their citizens’ rights. Many may agree that Pakistan is among the numerous countries that don’t take the steps to make sure that every man and woman is enabled to these rights. In recent years, Pakistan has discriminated against their own citizens, whether it be because of their religion, gender, or even caste, which violated Article 2 of the declaration. In addition, Article 16, or the right of someone to marry who they please and have the right to raise a family has also been violated thousands of times, whether it be by the government, a citizen’s village, or even his/hers own family. The right to have good working conditions and pay, which is Article 23, has also been violated by Pakistan, as many adults and children alike have faced work brutality. As a result of these numerous violations, it is clear that Pakistan does not follow Articles 2,16, and 23, and therefore this country violates the Declaration of Human Rights. Undoubtedly, Pakistan has violated Article 2 of the declaration by discriminating against their own citizens in numerous ways. One example of people being discriminated against is when a caste was denied assistance because of their caste, The scheduled caste Hindus (Dalits) were deniedShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of Jews and other minorities in Nazi Germany would never happenRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1131 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are moral principles that set out specific standards of human behavior, and are normally ensured as lawful rights in both national and global law. They are acknowledged to be inalienable, since anybody is characteristically qualified for it essentially on the grounds that they are individuals. Whatever our nationality, sex, shade, religion, dialect, or ethnic source is, we are all just as qualified for our rights without separation or discrimination. All human rights are resolute andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human rights was adopted in the UN gene ral assembly by the 10th December 1948. This is the first time that the world recognized that everyone had the right to enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom from fear and want, and many other rights. International human rights come along way; before there was no rights. The idea of having rights that led to the development of international human rights takes time. There are benchmarks developments in internationalRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesA human right is an ethical choice and moral belief belonging to all humans regardless of traits, status, location, color, gender, or belief system. Making the connection to a universal law, the United Nations Rights High Commissioner explains these rights are, â€Å"guaranteed by law† and protected as â€Å"fundamental freedoms† (OHCHR, 2016). The Cambridge Dictionary defines privilege as â€Å"an advantage that only one person or group of people has† listing examples such as having a high social position or wealthRead MoreUniversal Declaration Of Human Rights1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a doctrine created to ensure a mutual standard of treatment amongst all humans, every person deserves an equal set of life standards. According to Article 18 of this 30 Article document, â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teachingRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 PagesImplemented in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all humans. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"hold opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Universal Declaration and are fully dedicatedRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights892 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rigths is an essential component of a tolerant and individually satisfied society. They are created to defend people’s dignity, equality and liberty. However, for thousands of years people lived with no garanteed rights, until 1948, when United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But is the Universal Declaration of Human Rigths really universal to all states and humans living in them? I am going to argue if Human Rights should or should not be unically adapted to differentRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights875 Words   |  4 PagesI feel that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) does have a western bias. Many people look to US for guidance, but not many other nations copy our way of life. States can sign treaties, but they cannot be reassured that the other nation will keep its word. The US and the UN should maybe not be engaging in promoting western society, but they should be engaging in promoting the protection of human rights. The UN UDHR fought for minimal rights in 1948 by identifying three types of generationsRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1485 Words   |  6 Pages1003236982 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"that human rights are held by all persons equally and universally forever† –hence, they are universal held. This is due to them being the exact same for all human beings anywhere in the world. One cannot acquire human rights because of where they come from, but because they are a member of the human race. Nobody can lose those human rights, nor can they be taken away for whatever the reason may be. Together, we have the right to express ourselvesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Universal Human Rights869 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Assembly (UNGA) set forth a declaration of universal human rights. The goal was to set a common standard of rights based on â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family.† It was meant to become the perfect social contract but unfortunately was not upheld even by the signatory nations themselves. Many critics now looking b ack have cited the overreaching ideals as the downfall of the declaration but yet many have responded saying it

Media s Representation Of Body Image - 1532 Words

The influence of the media on all aspect of society has spread like wildfire especially in the United States. One specific influence by the media is body image, large number of young women and girls look up to people in the media and are influenced by the way they look. Now days you’re appraised on your attractiveness, the way you look, the way you dress, and especially how thin you are. The media’s representation of body image has contributed to the social trend of an unhealthy lifestyle. Women and young girls today are fixated on trying modify the way they look to achieve the perfect body image set by the standards of society. Female’s worry about the way they look starting at young ages from the unhealthy image of the Barbie doll to the†¦show more content†¦We are spending countless time and energy trying to achieve the perfect body that the media has created for us. People will pay physically and mentally to achieve the unachievable look that the med ia has driven into our minds. In the media we see so many commercials that are being promoted for the latest developments in weight loss from pills to exercise videos. Our women and children are tricked in to thinking it is okay to force your body full of harsh chemicals to obtain an image that is not obtainable with pills. Another thing we do not normally realize is that children pick up on things they see or hear, often by their mothers saying they need to loose weight or go on a diet, or even cues they pick up on from the media. Or even activities they do that promote being thin can enforce a unhealthy lifestyle including gymnastics and dance. Young girls are putting their bodies through extensive amounts of unhealthy habits and it has placed a risk on our health causing eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. It is more common for girls to develop eating disorders if that’s what they see current influential people in their life doing. There are many health risks to being underweight that include many different nutritional deficiencies like osteoporosis and cardiac problems. This is how many people develop an

Effectiveness Of The Observed Classroom Management Strategies

Name: Professor: Course: Date: Reflective Narrative Responses The Effectiveness of the Observed Classroom Management Strategies Classroom management plays a crucial role in shaping a student’s performance in class. As a result, a teacher’s role is ensuring a conducive learning environment for all students. Teachers must put their best foot forward in ensuring they develop this invaluable skill which can only be learnt through continuous practice in the classroom. Generally, teachers are expected to manage their classrooms during the lessons. They are expected to arrange the classrooms (students), clearly outline the class rules before the start of a lesson, command behavior expectations, outline lesson goals as well as move around the†¦show more content†¦Alternatively, I could alternate lessons where I teach for the entire lesson then on the next one I present the group discussion prompts. I believe this would go a long way into shaping the performance of the students especially the poorly performing ones and the minority ones as well. This can be attributed to the fact that a signific ant number of teachers in the video logs seem to be adopting the same strategies for class management. The Effectiveness of the Observed Academic Language, Metacognition, and Communication Strategies The effectiveness of the academic language, a metacognition as well as communication strategy is evident in the video logs. In general metacognition in learning is evoked through a clear explanation of the lesson objectives, goals and vision; explanation of the purpose for studying that particular lesson, asking questions and listening to feedback as well as assessing what the students have learnt at the end of each lesson. The effectiveness of the academic language can then be measured by the effective communication and use of technical terms without consequent explanation. The teacher can as well explain the technical terms at the beginning of the lessons then encourage their use by assigning students roles on the same topics later on as the lesson continues. Similarly, conventional communication strategies have revolved around both verbal andShow MoreRelatedA) What Are the Most Important Factors That Determine the Learning Experience of School/College Students in Your Subject?1200 Words   |  5 Pagesthe learning experience of the students I have observed, each one with there own degree of effectiveness. Some of these factors include cognitive and conative learning, the material being studied, motivation, classroom management, student to teacher ratio, class discipline, time management, environment and resources available. 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Managment Diversity Free Essays

string(256) " able to work to its full capacity in an environment where no member, or for that matter group of members, have an advantage or disadvantage based on their individual differences \(Torres Bruxelles, 1992, as cited in D’Netto Sohal, 1999\)\." ?WORKPLACE DIVERSITY Introduction In modern times, diversity management has been brought to the forefront of organisational issues due to factors such as globalisation and the emerging cultural and individual differences that emerge as a result of this diverse world. The purpose of this paper will be to explore the topic of diversity as it relates to the workplace by discussing perspectives from union groups and HRM practitioners and to investigate the barriers to workplace diversity. Through the discussion, the advantages of diversity will be discussed with an emphasis on the implications for the HR function of the organisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Managment Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Overview Workplace diversity relates to the presence of differences among members of the workforce (D’Netto Sohal, 1999). By creating a diverse workforce organisations are able to tap the ideas, creativity, and potential contributions inherent in a diverse workforce (Aghazadeh, 2004). Diversity in the workplace includes culture, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, physical abilities, social class, age, socio-economic status, and religion (Sadri Tran, 2002). These individual characteristics shape an individual’s perception about their environment and how they communicate (Kramar, 1998). Organisations can approach diversity is three differing ways: affirmative action, valuing diversity and managing diversity. Affirmative action attempts to monitor and control diversity in an organisation and in doing so senior management can affect the hiring and promotion of individuals (Sadri Tran, 2002. ) An organisation assumes new individuals or groups will adapt to the norms of the organisation, and will not resist due to fears of reverse discrimination (Sadri and Tran, 2002). Valuing diversity can allow an organisation can focus of the benefits of the differences, therefore developing an environment where all individuals are valued and accepted (Sadri Tran, 2002). Those members who feel valued to their organisation tend to be harder working, more involved and innovative (Agahazadeh, 2004). Valuing Diversity can affect employees’ attitudes positively, however resistance can be experienced due to a fear of change and individuals discomfort with differences (Sadri Tran, 2002. ) Finally, managing diversity is when organisations build pecific skills and create policies which obtain the best values of each employee, which will create new ways of working together (Sadri Tran, 2002). It will provide an opportunity for organisations to manage a workforce which emphasises both organisational and individual performance, whilst still acknowledging individual needs (Kramar, 1998). Although diversity has always existed in organisations, individuals tend to re press their diversity in order to conform to the norms of the organisation and fit into the stereotype of the typical employee (Kramar, 1998). Mismanagement of diversity as a result of unfavourable treatment can inhibit employees working abilities and motivation, which can lead to a lowered job performance (Aghazadeh, 2004). If an environment works well for employees, diversity will work against the organisation, hence the lack of an enabling environment (Kramar, 1998). These fundamental components of workplace diversity can be further viewed through the varying perspectives of union groups, HRM professionals and organisations. PERSPECTIVES AND RATIONALES ON WORKPLACE DIVERSITY From a union perspective Historically the role of unions concentrated mainly on the fight for higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions. However in recent years a shift has occurred to fighting rights for a diverse workforce (Barrile Cameron, 2004). Management aims to maximise the contribution of all staff to work towards organisational objectives through forming guiding teams for diversity, training to improve languages and celebrating success. Unions however, implement diversity differently (Barrile Cameron, 2004). A feminine approach to leadership has been undertaken to broaden a diverse representation. For instance, under the management of CEO Brian Schwartz, Ernst Young Australia has doubled the number of female partners to ten per cent, made changes to a ‘blokey’ culture and introduced a women’s leadership forum, among other initiatives (Robbins, Bergmann, Coulter Stagg, 2006). Women union leaders tie diversity in leadership to long-term union survival, articularly in light of the impact that diversity has on organising successes and increased visibility of unions to potential female members. Most of these leaders expressed a â€Å"sense of urgency† about the need to advance women and saw continuing barriers that prevented women from entering and remaining in top positions (Mellor et al. , 2003). To overcome such barriers implementations such as commitment to advancing women in the workfor ce and supporting internal structures to activate women have been undertaken by union’s worldwide (Melcher, Eichstedt, Eriksen, Clawson, 1992). Unions have officially recognised caucuses or other groups that permit people of different colour, including women, to discuss issues of concern within their union as well as in the larger workplace and community (Mellor et al. , 2003). Unions have provided mentoring and leadership training programs. Efforts undertaken by unions to foster diversity have resulted visible changes at all levels of leadership. The remaining task is to make those changes bigger and more permanent. The fact that there is more to do does not mean there is failure; it simply means reinforcing longstanding labour movement commitments to dignity, justice and equal opportunity for all working people (Melcher, Eichstedt, Eriksen, Clawson, 1992). Building on the rationale provided by different union groups, HR practitioners also recognise the importance of promoting a diverse workplace and recognise the impact on business goals. From an HRM perspective There are many HRM perspectives that relate to diversity management in organisations. Most of these HRM perspectives lead towards the contention that a successful diversity management policy can lead to a more competitive, functional organisation. In light of the perspectives and rationales discussed in the HRM literature, there a range of implications for HR managers concerning diversity in the workplace. Management of diversity relates to equal employment opportunity, but effective diversity management goes beyond the basic requirements of an equal opportunity workplace (Barrile Cameron, 2004). It is important for HR to determine an effective diversity management policy to be able to encourage a more iverse workplace. The most important job for senior HR managers is to consider how diversity will benefit the organisation and how to define its role in the context of the organisation (Kreitz, 2008). An organisation’s diversity policy should aim to establish an heterogeneous workforce that is able to work to its full capacity in an environment where no member, or for that matter group of members, have an advantage or disadvantage based on their individual differences (Torres Bruxelles, 1992, as cited in D’Netto Sohal, 1999). You read "Managment Diversity" in category "Papers" In exercising their role, HR managers must constantly apply the principles of diversity in order to maximise and sustain the benefits of a diverse workforce. This means HR managers need to be able to link recruitment, selection, development and retention policies to the overall diversity policy of the organisation (Yakura, 1996). Furthermore, the aforementioned should be carried out with a direct link to the overall business goals, the various shifts in the labour market as well as the more contemporary effects of globalisation (Cunningham Green, 2007). There are three initiatives that an organisation should utilise to increase the efficiency of its diversity policy. Firstly, there is a need for HR, when recruiting, to increase the representation in the workplace of historically excluded groups (Conrad Linnehan, 1995). Secondly, the diverse workforce needs to have the necessary empowerment to influence, or at least have input to organisational decision making (Cunningham Green, 2007). More strategic implications for diversity management exist that recognise the emergence of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). Such implications include building diversity strategies into an overall future success plan, integrating diversity practices with senior management practices and encouraging career development opportunities for all employees (Cunningham Green, 2007). Ultimately, managing diversity should promote competitive edge in the organisation by recruiting the most appropriate people for the job regardless of their perceived differences (D’Netto Sohal, 1999). From an organisational perspective: ANZ and Westpac ANZ Bank has responded to the common trends of the Australian workforce with programs to attract and retain a diverse environment that reflects their customer base (ANZ, 2008). An organisation is focused on creating an inclusive culture where all employees are able to contribute, as they believe that diversity and inclusion are essential for high business performance (ANZ, 2008). By managing diversity within the organisation, ANZ is provided with the best talent and a wide variety of experience to achieve success within a global workforce. Similarly, Westpac is determined to enable a diverse workforce that reflects their customers (Westpac, 2008). Westpac has created a culture that understands values and utilises the differences within people, where people can achieve success without encountering bias or being harassed because of gender, race or disability (Westpac, 2008). Both organisations have made efforts to create a diverse working environment through varying HRM practices. For example, HRM within ANZ created the â€Å"My Difference† survey which surveyed more than 13, 500 employees (ANZ, 2008). Within this survey, HR is able to develop a demographic snapshot of the workforce and gather feedback on how their employees perceive diversity and inclusion within the organisation. ANZ also founded the Diversity Council, which introduces policies and sponsors events to create a more inclusive culture (ANZ, 2008). The council attempts to increase awareness by supporting events like International Women’s’ Day and Disability Awareness Week (ANZ, 2008). HR in both organisations has implemented a range of human resource strategies. Disability awareness, plans in both companies outline strategies to increase support and inclusion for customers and staff of the organisation, which include premises being wheelchair accessible (Westpac, 2008; ANZ, 2008). Westpac is also partnered with Disability Works Australia to recruit people with disability to remain a balanced environment (Westpac, 2008). Secondly, to promote age balance, mature age employees are offered flexible working conditions to suit their changing lifestyle (ANZ, 2008). Culturally both banks have planned to help indigenous Australians improve their wellbeing and money management skills. ANZ celebrates cultural diversity by holding â€Å"Annual Cultural Week† (ANZ, 2008). Westpac reflects different cultures by employing members who are able to speak different languages to better understand the customers (Westpac, 2008). To promote flexibility, Westpac has different job designs for individuals’ circumstances, including versatile working hours, job sharing abilities, the ability to work from home, to have career breaks and paid parental leave and affordable childcare at work (Westpac, 2008). On a wider rganisational level, ANZ and Westpac both face a number of popular trends that continue to change the Australian workforce. These include the Australian population becoming increasingly more ethically diverse with 23% of the population born overseas (ANZ, 2008). The population is also ageing and is predicted that in 43 years around 25% of Australia’s population will be aged 65 year or older and the number of women in the workforce has increased from 40% in 1979 to 53% in 2004 (ANZ, 2008). Based upon the actions taken by ANZ and Westpac in this regard, organisations are recognising the benefits of a diverse workplace. The strategies by both companies to increase the representation of women in the workforce, as well as increasing the representation of diverse others, corresponds with the views of both union and non-governmental organisations as well as the perspectives provided through the HRM literature. BARRIERS TO WORKPLACE DIVERSITY Diversity within an organisation can be difficult and expensive to accomplish. Substantial barriers exist in both overcoming laws related to workplace diversity, the actual process of implementing it within an organisation and also the internal characteristics of the individual. The current legislation related to workplace diversity essentially creates an environment in which employers cannot recruit purely on the basis of a desired attribute. The main acts concerned are the Racial Discrimination Act (1975), the Sex Discrimination Act (1984), the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act (1984), the Occupational Health and Safety (Commonwealth Employment) Act (1991), the Disability Discrimination Act (1991) and the Workplace Relations Act (1996) (Williams, 2001. These laws essentially shape a scenario for employees where if a desired attribute is sought after, the job must be made appealing to that particular group of people without impairing the opportunity for any other group to obtain the position under the requirements of the legislation. An example of this is Westpac’s initiative to entice more women into their workforce by implementing training programs relating to gender differences in communication and career progression (Westpac, 2008 . ) However, once a company like Westpac overcomes these hurdles, there are still many practical ssues that need to be addressed on an organisational level. If a diversity program is unlikely to be profitable it will not be implemented (Bilimoria, Joy, Liang, 2008). The monetary benefits (such as new customers, better culture and strategic advantage) involved in implementing such diversity need to outweigh the costs (gaining diversity at the expense of skill) involved in pursuing it. The HR department within the organisation has a difficult task in convincing senior management that a diversity program can be beneficial to the organisation (D’Netto Sohal, 1999). The argument often provided by senior management against workplace diversity is that it is disruptive to productivity and causes imbalance in the workplace (D’Netto Sohal, 1999). As a result, the HR function need to be able to present the many advantages of diversity, and provide strong strategic reasoning to ensure that an effective diversity management is implemented. An organisation may also have barriers imbedded in their practices, culture and policies (Bilimoria, Joy, Liang, 2008). Resolving these issues has benefits for both the legality of the operating of the organisation and the multiplicity of their workforce. If senior management participated in only male orientated social events, such as attending the football, it may alienate women who generally may not participate in such events. Policy can also break both legality and potential for diversity by enforcing requirements such as 10 years continual service to an organisation in order to receive promotion into senior management. This continual service factor discriminates against women who are likely to have children, as it will exclude many from the opportunity to obtain the job. However, it is the individual differences within each person that provide the biggest challenge to achieving diversity. Individual differences amongst people are a major hurdle to workplace diversity, as most people feel comfortable when working in homogeneous groups (Kreitz, 2008). The presence of diverse others places employees outside of their comfort zone and makes people resist embracing the presence of others. Furthermore, research by Kreitz (2008) shows that humans, and organisations as well, are in nature highly resistant to change, further complicating the successful implementation of diversity. Another individual, and highly problematic, barrier to diversity is the language barrier that exists to culturally diverse others. This prevents, and in some cases discourages, the full integration of cultural differences within organisations (Kreitz, 2008). Diversity is clearly beneficial to the organisation. Managing diversity should involve utilising the cultural differences in people’s skills and embracing the diverse range of ideas and skills that exist in a diverse workplace in order to ultimately give the organisation a competitive edge. Benefits to diversity clearly outweigh the costs and evident advantages to workplace diversity are supported by various union groups and HRM practitioners. In order to be successful, diversity must be implemented within a strict legal framework and overcome hurdles relating to the practices and policies of organisations, as well as internal, individual barriers. REFERENCES Aghazadeh, SM 2004, ‘Managing workforce diversity as an essential resource for improving organizational performance’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1-6 ANZ 2008, viewed 10 September , 2008, http://www. anz. com Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, viewed 10 September, 2008, http://www. abs. gov. au Barrile, S Cameron, T 2004, Business Management: Corporate management, people and change. Macmillan Education, Melbourne, VIC. Bilimoria, D, Joy, S, Liang, X 2008, ‘Breaking barriers and creating inclusiveness: Lessons of organizational transfor mation to advance women faculty in academic science and engineering’, Human Resource Management, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 423-441 Cox Jr. T Blake, S 1991, ‘Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness’. Academy of Management Executive , vol. 5, no. 3,pp. 45-56. Cunningham, DD Green, D 2007, ‘Diversity as a Competitive Strategy in the Workplace’ Journal of Practical Consulting, vol. 1, no. 2, pp 51-55. D’Netto, B Sohal, A 1999, ‘Human resources practices and workforce diversity: an empirical assessment’, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 530-547. Konrad, A Linnehan, F 1995, ‘Formalized human resource management tructures: Coordinating equal opportunity or concealing organizational practices’, Academy of Management Journal, No. 38, pp 787 – 820. Kramar, R 1998, ‘Managing diversity: beyond affirmative action in Australia’, Women in Management Review, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1-11 Kreitz, PA 2008, ‘Best Practices for Managing Organisational Diversity’ The Journal of Academic Librarianship, vol. 34, no. 2, pp 101-120. Mellor, Steven, Kath, Lisa, Bulger, Carrie, 2003: Bilingualism: Relationships with Willingness to Participate in Union Activities, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25 (1): 95-109 Melcher, D. Eichstedt, J. , Eriksen, S. , Clawson, D. , (1992): Women’s Participation in Local Union Leadership: The Massachusetts Experience, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45, 267-280 Lepadatu, D Thompson, T, 2008, viewed 15 September, 2008, http://www. allacademic. com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/2/2/8/6/pages22860/p22860-1. php Robbins, S, Bergman, R, Stagg, I and Coutler, M 2006, Management, 4th edn, Pearsons Education Australia, NSW. Sadri, G Tran, H 2002, ‘Managing your diverse workforce through improved communication’, Journal of Management Development, vol. 21, no. , pp. 227-237 Westpac, 2008, viewed 10 September, 2008, http://www. westpac. com. au Westpac. (2008). Diversity and women in management. Viewed 21 September, 2008, http://www. westpac. com. au/Internet/Publish. nsf/content/WICREMCS+Diversity+and+women+in+management Williams, H. (2001). Guidelines on Workplace Diversity. Viewed September 20, 2008,http://www. apsc. gov. au/publications01/diversityguidelines. pdf   Yakura, E 1996, ‘EEO law and managing diversity’, in E Kossek S Lobel (ed. ), Managing Diversity: Human Resource Strategies for Transforming the Workplace, pp 25 – 30 How to cite Managment Diversity, Papers

Musicological fields Essay Example For Students

Musicological fields Essay Thirdly, the philosophy of music is concerned with the central question of What is music. Another major field is Psychology of music which relates to the effect music has on human beings. The last musicological field of acoustics is the study of the science of sound (Nation-master, 2013). These five fields make up the fundamentals of musicology and will be explored within this report. Historical musicology focuses on the progression of music over time. This field studies the progressive styles of compositions, performances, receptions and criticisms of music (Nation-master, 2013). The methods of studying historical musicology also include source studies, manuscript studies, textual criticism, style eroticism, the choice of historical method, musical analysis, and the application of musical analysis (Nation-master, 2013). This field of study also examines the lives and work of composers and performers (Queensland Studies Authority 2008). Influences and impacts on historical events in society are also explored in this field of study. Historical musicology was first studied in the middle of the sass but was only recognized as field of study in the sass (Nation-master, 2013). In the 20th century historical musicology firstly focused on the roles of earlier composers and assisted in he restoration of interest for medieval music and music from the renaissance period. This delivered the opportunity for composers to recreate works from these eras in an authentic way (Nation-master, 2013). Some examples might be Music during World War l, Medieval and Renaissance instrumental music, Music and Process, Mozart Don Giovanni. Historical musicology is studied to expose the progression of compositions, performances and criticisms over time. Ethnomusicology is the study of the relationship between music and culture in global and local communities (Queensland Studies Authority 2008). Ethnomusicology is interdisciplinary by nature and so ethnomusicology may also be trained as anthropologists, musicologists, folklorists, performers, composers, cultural analysts and cognitive psychologists (Applied Ethnomusicology Network 2005) as the study involves people who make music, instruments used and the behaviors and ideas involved in the production of music. The ubiquity of music is also a result of its great adaptability. Music is an unusually compatible art. It lends itself to presentation in the context of other arts, such as dance, film, theatre, and opera, and it is an accompaniment to a vast array of human endeavourers and rituals, including religious 5 musicological fields By Slinking dates, weddings, and funerals (Applied Ethnomusicology Network 2005). Music, then, has many uses, as it is allied with the myriad institutions and practices of society. This assists in the recognition and knowledge of communitys musical and cultural heritage. Ethnomusicology view the study from various perspectives. Although it had antecedents in the 18th and early 19th centuries, the field expanded with the development of recording technologies in the late 19th century (Society of Ethnomusicology 2009). The term ethnomusicology was introduced about 1950, and the field subsequently became standard in academic institutions. Since then works such as the occlusion of race in music studies by Ronald Ronald and Philip V. Bellman (University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2001) have been influential in the understanding of this particular field. Although ethnomusicology covers a varied range of topics it is predominantly focused on the relationship between music and culture within society. Philosophy of Music is the third major musicological field of study. It focuses on the essential questions that music raises. Philosophy of music is the study of monumental questions about the nature of music and our emotional experience. Most recent writings about the philosophy of music have taken an analytic or linguistic approach, focusing on terms such as meaning, metaphor, emotions and expression, invariably from the perspective of the individual listener or composer (Quietist. Com 2013). Contemporary philosophical discussions of music can be thought in a general way to address these features of music. Music has been discussed by philosophers since the recorded beginnings of Western philosophy, with the nature of music playing an important role in the thought of Pythagoras (c. 70-c. 90 BCC) and then Plato (429-347 BCC) (Sacred-texts, 2009). Pythagoreans and Platonism further demonstrate the philosophy of music. Philosophy of music has been and remains a much broader field than philosophical music aesthetics. For example, Pythagoreans investigated music as part of the quadric of four mathematical sciences, while Plato emphasized musics effects on the health of the soul (Sacred- texts, 2009). Lewis Rowel, music ph ilosopher from the University of Massachusetts Press, 1984 also expresses in his work, Thinking about Music: An Introduction to the .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f , .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .postImageUrl , .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f , .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f:hover , .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f:visited , .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f:active { border:0!important; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f:active , .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue581e4519dc1451d4a5f22ce860c5b5f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Copyright in the Digital Age EssayPhilosophy of Music; Philosophy is to be studied, not for the sake of any definite answer to its questions, since no one definite answers can, as a rule, be known to be true, but rather for the sake of the questions themselves (Quietist, 2013). These philosophers focus on the fundamental questions music arises. Philosophy of music currently reflects the recent, general division of philosophy into the analytic and continental approaches, with relatively little exchange between the two approaches. This field explores fundamental questions about the nature of music. Music psychology explores the effect music has on a persons state of being. This field studies various aspects of music, like rhythm or tonality, could reveal principles of the functioning of the human mind (Press. Ann., 2007). Psychology of music was largely integrated in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries investigating 2007). Carl Stumps Ethnomusicology (1883 and 1890) was particularly influential in the recognition of music psychology, developing a theory of tone sensation based on individual cognition: for instance, examining the perception of similarity and difference in tonal stimuli, which led to a major focus on tonal distance and scale formation (Press. Ann., 2007). His works eventually became the starting point for development of a unique form of evolutionary theory focusing on music and, in particular, on pitch and intervocalic organization (Press. Ann., 2007). Music psychology may be regarded as scientific research about human culture. The results of this research have, and will continue to have, direct implications for matters of general concern: human values, human identity, human nature, human evolution, expansion of consciousness. Music acoustics is the last field of musicology that is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music how sounds employed as music work. The field explores the function of musical instruments, the human voice, the physics of speech and singing, computer analysis of melody, and in the clinical use of music in music therapy (Nation-Master, 2013). According to known musicologist F. V. Hunts Origins in Acoustics acoustics is characterized by its reliance on combinations of physical principles drawn from other sources; and that the primary task of modern physical acoustics is to effect a fusion of the principles normally adhering to other sciences into a coherent basis for understanding, measuring, controlling, and using the whole gamut of vibration phenomena in any material medium. (Origins in Acoustics. F. V. Hunt. Yale University Press, 1978). Music acoustics was first discovered in the Greek and Roman cultures between the 6th century BCC and 1st century BCC. This musicological field advanced rapidly during and after the Scientific Revolution due to philosophers such as Galileo (1564-1642) and Nurserymen (1588-1648) who autonomously discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings (Nation-Master, 2013). Galileo stated Waves are produced by the vibrations of a sonorous body, which spread through the air, bringing to the tympanum of the ear a stimulus which he mind interprets as sound, this statement points to the beginnings of physiological and psychological acoustics (Nation-Master, 2013). Music acoustics is considered as scientific field of research about the laws and movement of music. This field of musicology is concerned with investigating and describing the physics of music and how sounds are employed for music to work. Musicology essentially encompasses five distinct fields of music. Historical musicology, ethnomusicology, philosophy of music, psychology of music and acoustics are studied in order to possess a better understanding of the fundamentals of music Nation-master, 2013). The field of historical musicology is the study of musical origins including subjects such as composers, genres and musical notation. The second major field, ethnomusicology is based around the field studies on music in diverse cultures. The third field expressed in this report is philosophy of music which is concerned with the central question of What is music. The second last field is Psychology of music which relates to the effect music has on human beings. Lastly, involved in the creation of sound (Nation-master, 2013). These fields together make up the fundamental aspects of musicology.

Independence Of Judiciary In Australia Essay Example For Students

Independence Of Judiciary In Australia Essay Independence of Judiciary in Australiaa) How is the independence of the judiciary guaranteed in Australia?While the Westminster system had largely developed because of the doctrine ofseparation of powers, the Australian system of government is largely based onthe Westminster. This doctrine of separation of powers proposes that the threeinstitutions of government, the legislature, the executive and the judiciaryshould be exercised as separate and independent branches. It is this doctrinethat stresses the need for the independence of the judiciary from the other twogovernment institutions in order to protect the freedom of individuals. It isunder this doctrine that no person can be a Member of Parliament and a judge atthe same time. The doctrine of separation of powers offers several advantages,it proposes separate, specialized and efficient branches of government and italso reduces the abuse of government power by dividing it. a) Why is the independence of the judiciary an important feature of Australiassystem of justice?The judiciary is the government branch that is concerned with the administrationof justice. The judiciary is absolutely separate from the executive and thelegislature, so it can check the concentration of government power. Theindependence of the judiciary is crucial of a democratic community because whenjudges are presiding over cases, there must be no interference and intimidationfrom the external forces. The independence issues touches upon the conflict ofauthority and freedom. If the doctrine of separation of powers did not exist,the authority would not be prevented from interfering in the administration ofjustice, therefore the basic freedoms of the citizens would not be guaranteed. It is up to the judiciary to exercise according to the law. It would be withoutthe independence of the judiciary that the principles of rule of law and naturaljustice would be jeopardy and other institutions of government would interferein the administration of justice. There are three main elements of the independence of the judiciary they are,permanency of tenure, dismissal by parliament and fixed remuneration. Permanencyof tenure means that judges are appointed by the executive government and have apermanent tenure until they have to retire at the age of seventy.It was aconstitutional referendum in 1977 that placed this requirement on federal judges. Also state laws have been made, for the state judges to retire at the same age. The only exception is the Family court justices; they have to retire at the ageof sixty-five. Judges can only be dismissed on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacityand can only be dismissed by parliament representatives. This is a very seriousundertaking and has been used in the Australian parliament, but no federaljudges have ever been dismissed. The constitution provides that a salary of ajudge cannot be reduced. This is to prevent manipulation of salaries to a lowlevel, which would force judges to retire from the bench. This would be suitableto an indirect interference in the independence on the judicature. Howeverparliament can increase judges salary if the wish to. Judges also must not interfere with each others deliberations and decisions. While judges hear and make judgments and administer laws, the doctrine ofprecedent is so entrenched as a rule of conduct that it is the golden rule forjudges to follow legal principles created as precedents in superior courts. Judicial independence is also necessary because a judge cannot hear an appealfrom a case that she or he have just presided over, this would lead to aninconsistency in deciding the appeal. .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 , .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .postImageUrl , .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 , .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180:hover , .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180:visited , .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180:active { border:0!important; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180:active , .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180 .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa16ea2485f6f1b8cd7ac66878a69180:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: social responsibility of business EssayJudges also have judicial independence. They have a law that protects them fromhaving threats of civil litigation for their statements in their judgments. Itis also a criminal offence for a person to interfere with a judges performancewhile they are performing their duties. The rule of law is strictly applied; toacknowledge that everyone has an equal standing before the law and acceptedjudicial practices must be followed. b) Give two examples how judges must comply with the rule of law. The doctrine of precedent is a fixed rule of the judicial conduct. It is theinferior courts that have the obligations to follow the legal principles createdin the superior courts. This when decisions made in the superior courts becomebinding precedents on inferior courts and judges cannot ignore them. For exampleif a District Court judge ignores the legal principle made in the Supreme Court,then on appeal it certain that the decision will be reversed because acceptedjudicial rules were not followed. It is the principle of independent judiciary that conforms to the rule againstbias. Everyone expects their justice to be administered by a member of thejudiciary who is independent form the legislative and executive powers of thegovernment and completely impartial to the case before them for resolution. Judges are expected to be disqualified themselves when they have anyinterference with the financial or other interests in the outcome of a case. This is the fundamental principle for the application of constitutional law asit is to criminal law. For example a person, who is challenging the legality oflegislation at a great cost, would expect the judge to resolve the case on itsmerit rather than the power of the government institution.

Mungo Park Essays - African Great Lakes, Lake Tanganyika

Mungo Park Mungo Park was a Scottish explorer who led one of the first expeditions to investigate the course of the Niger river in Western Africa. Mungo Park was a 23 year-old scottish surgeon surgeon who had just returned from a journey to Sumatra on a ship of the East India Company. There he had discovered 6 species of fish, he had published descriptions in a Scientific Journal. In 1795, Park had gone to Piscina, on an offer to research further into Africa. Park had accepted and a severe fever overcame him during his journey. Park also had been captured by certain muslim leaders. After he had got out of the Prison he had wandered around and had finally found the Niger River. Park was amazed at how beautiful the River was. Park had stated "I saw with infinite pleasure, the object of my, mission". Park had returned home to London where became famous on his publications of his voyage across Africa. Later in 1806 he sailed downstream to the Bussa rapids, where he drowned, trying to escape an attack by the Africans. Rene Callie Rene Callie was a 27 year old man who was fascinated by the stories told about peoples travels to Africa. His readings of Mungo park also stimulated his fascination. Callie had entered a contest for the first person to reach Timbuktu and reach back. He had reached Timbuktu. During Callie's trip he did not find it easy to prove to the French Authorities that a young man with no experience could discover Timbuktu. On his way back Callie had joined a Arab Caravan preparing to cross from Western Sahara to Morocco. Callie had stated "I am the first European to cross from the sandy ocean from the south to the north". On his return to Paris, Callie was known as a hero. Later, questions were asked if he was telling the truth or not. Johann Rebmann Johann Rebmann was a German missionary, who was not like Mungo Park or Rene Callie. The purpose of Rebmann's explorations is to find a place where he might serve God. His most helpful weapon was a umbrella, which he used to fight off lions and would be attackers. Rebmann was the european explorer who kept a careful record of his journey. Together with his partner he paved the way for later explorers. Rebmann had found the Mount Kilimanjaro which was located in Tanzania. His missionary work was more difficult than his exploration efforts. David Livingstone David Livingstone was a scotsman who also was intrigued by the mysteries of vast unexplored areas of South Africa. He as Johann Rebmann was also a missionary. ivingstone started working at a mission in sotho and had also left because of dissagreements with the boers. In 1849 Livingstone had gone with 2 game hunters to be an interpreter for an expedition northward. They had gone north to Lake Ngami in Botswana but they could not go further because of Livingstone's families' sickness at the time. After about a year Livingstone resumed his explorations. Livingstone had heard tales of the rushing waters of the Zambezi River. He wanted to know the source of this River. Livingstone had to return to England for his families safety and when he returned his mission was destroyed by boers. Livingstone was ill and tired but he kept on his journey. In 1855 Livingstone had gone about two thousand miles when he reached the Victoria Falls. Livingstone had returned to Engaland in 1856. In 1862 Livingstone had returned to Central Africa with a backing of the British Government. He was on his journey and he become sick and was in a African hut for 6 months. Livingstone had been in Central Africa for 8 years and the outside world had little information of his health and his whereabouts. In 1871 Henry Stanley a 28 year-old foriegn correspondent had heard rumors that a white man was living at the Vilage of Ujiji near lake Tanganika. On November 10,1871 Stanley entered the village and there he found the sick Livingstone. Stanley had brought the correct medical supplies to let Livingstone recover. In 1872 both Stanley and Livingstone had gone to explore lakes and rivers of Central Africa. Livingstone had died and was remembered

Sectionalism vs. Nationalism essays

Sectionalism vs. Nationalism essays It could be said that both Sectionalism and nationalism increased during the Era of Good Feelings. However, the Era of Good Feelings was, to a certain degree, misnamed. By the 1820s an Era of Inflamed Feelings was beginning to undermine the Era of Good Feelings. Political giants were fighting for power and promoting the clashing economic interests of their relevant sections. In 1820 these feelings of sectionalism became painfully obvious. Missouri, wanting to enter the country as a slave state was denied that right, due to the fact that many northern congressmen did not want slavery to flourish in the virgin lands of the west. Sectionalism had reached a high point in the, Era of Good Feelings, and no one was terribly interested in the good of the entire country. The Missouri compromise was the obvious beginning of the problem of sectionalism. When Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state, those opposing slavery were distressed. If Missouri were to become a slave state, the slave states would have the advantage in congress, twelve slave states opposed to the eleven free states. The temporary solution to this problem was the Missouri compromise. The Missouri compromise allowed Missouri to become a slave state, but it denied this right for any future states north of the Southern boundary of Missouri, except Missouri. Many people saw this compromise only as a provisional solution to the problem between the slave states and the free states. Thomas Jefferson, who had not been paying attention to public affairs, was awakened by this Missouri question, this momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. (Thomas Jefferson, Letter to congressman John Holmes of Massachusetts, April 22, 1820.) Thomas J efferson went on in his letter to John Holmes to talk of the future of the country, and how the Missouri compromise was but a reprieve. John Q...

McMartin Preschool Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

McMartin Preschool Trial - Essay Example The discretion in the picture apart from the sexual abuse allegation by the victims, they also claimed to have witnessed flying, travelled in hot-air-balloon, some other claims by the victims were that they went through an underground tunnel. The most hilarious claim by the victim was that actor Chuck Norris abused him. After seriously investigating the theories given by the children, there was no substantial evidence to back such allegation. A conflicting goal in this case is cited when a witness who had earlier before the court case admitted to be mentally unstable, the victim is assessed through the prosecutor and the result of his mental status is ruled to have been caused by the events of the trial. He goes ahead in alleging that Raymond Bucker was sexually assaulting schoolchildren and was capable of flying. Politics play a role in this case when the initial prosecutor Mr. Glenn Stevens uses his position to influence the court case by forming the victim’s statement, the parents and teachers play a role in formulating their children’s statement during the interview. The defense team together questioned the reliability of such an act could happen to multiple student secretly without nobody having an hint of what is going on for such a long period of time. The presence of the media at the courtroom as they try to capture every single detail about the sex scandal that hit the pre-school also made the situation to be such a huge scandal. The prosecutor denied the defense attorneys team some very vital investigative information that could help the aid their evidence. The defense attorneys changed the public’s opinion by arguing that a major crime caused was by the media to give an opinion poll concerning Buckey since he deserved a fair trial at the courts of law. The other issue was the successful removal of a judge through a court motion. This made the public have another view on the case. The prosecutor, press

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Anything - Essay Example The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) design leads to harsh debate concerning key principles of economic freedom between Republican and Democrat Senators as well as their representatives. Once Congress passed PPACA Republican, affiliated groups filed a suit with the Supreme Court that criticized the constitutionality of the law since it considers a universal mandatory health insurance. The group argues that the act contravenes the principles of American constitution that enshrines the preservation of freedom. Influential opinion in the political world has significant levels of political and economic and political consensus in the principles highlighted under the act. Prior to the deliberation of the Act, United States health care lacks obligatory insurance. The situation creates significant number of people that have never had an insurance contact. Impoverished people lack the funds to pay for their health bills. Now that the country adopts the Act, the burden of health bill lies with the state health system. Those that oppose the bill cite that the system as a whole is more expensive to manage compared to any other developed country. With the new system, America is likely to spend more than $7000 per capita on health care and that is double the expense in United Kingdom and Japan. Clinton administration is unable to convince Congress to pass that bid. The benefit of PPACA includes (1) significant reforms that include the removal of preexisting condition clauses for all the health insurance plans. (2) The new health insurance covers immunizations and preventive care. (3) The plan will serve to reduce the long-term cost in health since preventiv e treatments imply low costs.(4) The plan will cover unmarried children under their parents cover until they are over 26 years. The conflicting issue is that it is mandatory to contract a health insurance for all employees. The only exception is the poverty level that becomes part of the Medicaid

Terrorism: The Biggest Threat To International Relations?

Terrorism: The Biggest Threat To International Relations? Contemporary international relations refer to the state of affairs during the period that began in the late 1980s with the end of the Cold War. The fall of communism and the assumed victory of liberal democracy had many, such as Francis Fukuyama, hopeful for an End of History and a New World Order of peace and collective security between all states. The truth of the international situation revealed certain issues and threats -new and old that much of the international community have since had to face. This essay will aim to assess the extent to which terrorism is the most significant threat to contemporary international relations, whilst also suggesting other factors that have created danger; such as climate change ,the proliferation of nuclear arms. It will conclude that whilst the prolonged and unknown potential danger that climate change poses to the planet is arguably the most catastrophic, the strain and instability of the acquisition of nuclear arms and the difficulty of contr olling who has access to them, causes it to be the biggest threat that the international community has to face. Terrorism, defined by Douglas Lackey, is, the threat of the use of violence against non-combatants for political purposes.  [2]  The very characteristics of terrorism makes it a threatening prospect for any state, as any violent act, [where] the civilian is the direct and intentional target of attack,  [3]  causes a great deal of difficulty in its prevention. Globalisation, the advancement in technology and the growth of cities whilst improving living standards for many civilians has made more locations prime targets for terrorists. Terrorist acts have become more sophisticated and increased the risk of multiple casualties using many forms of attack; arson, suicide bombers and remote detonated bombs, hacking into a states infrastructure and intelligence networks. Terrorism itself is not a new or recent phenomenon; the problem that the international community faced, and still faces in the Post Cold War period, is a change in the nature of terrorism. During and prior to the Cold War, terrorism was often an intra-state occurrence and a symptom of political separatism and instability within a country. Examples of this are the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Tamil Tiger rebels; both of which caused civil wars in Ireland in the 1920s and in 1983 in Sri Lanka. Whilst this is still mainly the case for many African, Middle and Far Eastern countries, the western world has seen an increase in inter-state terrorism. Arguably intra-state terrorism is easier to combat, due to the fact that intra-state terrorists tend to have a clearer and more precise focus; such as the police or members of the entrepreneurial class; which makes it easier for the state authorities to target and track down. On the other hand, terrorist organisations with a religious objective give a broader scope of the enemy. This may lead to a perception in which every member of a different religion or creed becomes a potential enemy or a potential target. It is this re ligious variant of terrorism that has increased after the Cold War and is at the centre of current international discussions. According to Europols EU Terrorism Report carried out in 2007  [4]  and 2008,  [5]  there were almost 500 acts of terrorism across the European Union in 2006, with a 24% increase in the next year. Whilst most of these attacks were intra-state related an increased amount were by Islamist terror groups from outside the EU. The US and parts of Russia and North Africa have seen similar patterns occurring, showing that this form of terrorism is not a matter for individual states to deal with, but acts that are aimed at the global community . whilst arguably this can, and has, strengthened the relations between co-operating countries, it has placed strains on relations between other states, and subsequently hinders the progression towards international peace and collective security agreements; which is key in current international relations. This is because for certain states, terrorism and its prevention are not high on their foreign policy agenda. In some severe cases there are instances of the support of global terrorism. The US Department of State recognises four countries to be state-supporters of terrorism;  [6]  Cuba, Iran, Sudan and Syria. All are known to have been terrorist safe havens for several terrorist groups, whilst some such as Iran and Syria have politically and financially supported groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. By failing to take action against the threat of terrorism to the international community and in some cases promoting it these states become isolated as enemies of the counterterrorism Global Initiative  [7]  and the United Nations. The effects of this are sanctions, such as restrictions on foreign aid, controls on exports and financial restrictions, placed on these enemy states by the members of the initiative; isolating them further and, , causing a sense for more terrorist action to be taken against the international community. If these state-supported terrorist groups successfully carry out an attack against another state, this action has the potential to become a trigger or catalyst for state military retaliation against the supporter; as seen with the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan after the 9/11 bombings in New York. This clearly causes a step backwards for UN peace agreements which clearly states the need to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism.  [8]   As well as state support of terrorism hindering international relations, so too does the expansion of the grey-areas of where the roots of terrorism lie. Recruitment and training grounds are now vast, with evidence now suggesting that there is a reason for a, fear of the enemy within  [9]  . Data from multiple sources has pointed towards an increase in terrorist organisations recruiting from within the states at the heart of the terrorist aggression. The global reach of Al-Qaeda is a source of great concern as more than 3,000 of its members have been arrested in 98 countries since the 9/11 attack; evidence that this group exists in at least half the worlds countries. This factor challenges previously accepted state-intelligence, that inter-state terrorism can be location specific to rogue or failing states outside the targeted state itself. This increases the threat levels, as no clear idea of who the enemy is creates instability and a need for increased defence levels. It is als o difficult to establish the source of the terrorists finance. As previously mentioned this can be acquired from the governments of terrorist-supporting states, but can also be acquired by the groups themselves setting up commercial businesses that provide a flood of sources of finance for its operations. Hence, law enforcement and intelligence agencies must now identify these sources of funding in order to destroy their ability to operate. But with some organisations such as Jemaah Islamiah connected to around 50 commercial businesses, this is a complex and expensive process for states to carry out.  [10]   Some cynics such as Daniel Wagner have stated that, no matter how good security becomes, it will never be good enough to thwart all of the terrorist threats we face.  [11]  To an extent this is true. Even if collectively the international community does manage to discover the sources of terrorism, it is not likely that they would be able to put a stop to terrorism altogether due to the fact that it has now become something of an ever-changing ideology. Al Qaeda is an example of this. During the Cold War the group aimed at expelling the Soviets from Afghanistan. Once this was achieved, attentions focused on fighting what they thought was the corruptness of the Arab world. Recently, the objective has changed to fighting and targeting those who are considered to be the main outside supporters of these corrupt regimes a clear reference to the US with its very substantial strategic interest in that part of the world.  [12]  This aggressive fight for a continually shifting goal su ggests that no matter how hard states battle against groups like Al Qaeda, it is unlikely the war on terror will ever end. However threatening and incessant terrorism is to international affairs, it is arguably within state power and resources, especially in the western world, to singularly or collectively combat it. Governments have the advantage of finance and institutions, such as Counter-Terrorist Units and federal bureaus, with extensive resources especially to deter terrorist acts. Through the use of international relations and international organisations such as the UN and NATO, the amount of resources and expertise can be jointly used in order to overcome the problems faced by terrorism. It could therefore be argued that terrorism in some respects supports the idea of collective security as it forces good international relations and links states with a common goal: to destroy its threat potential, even if it cannot destroy terrorism altogether. Due to the power that states have in accordance with their state sovereignty, arguably the proliferation of nuclear arms is a threat more potent than that faced from rebel terrorist forces. The catastrophic capabilities of nuclear weapons of any kind are highly threatening for any state, but in the past this had led to a stalemate that was the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union. This has come to be known as the first nuclear age and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the subsequent relinquish of nuclear arms by the Ukraine and other former soviet states to the primary control of Russia. Whilst splitting the international stage in two and with the threat of nuclear war hanging over the world, it was, on the whole, a rather stable conflict fought between two superpowers. Many critics are now suggesting that the second nuclear age, which had begun subsequently, will be notoriously unstable and carry with it a greater threat of nuclear war. This age is far more complex, as countries such as Israel, India, Pakistan, China, Iran and North Korea now all have their own nuclear programs; and with countries such as Iran and North Korea both having deep nationalistic feelings, they are arguably prone to destructive visions of national dominance;  [13]  having access to nuclear arms places a great strain on relations with these states with others such as the US. The fact that Iran is known for supporting some terrorist groups increases the threat of nuclear terrorism against the west and Israel. Many other states that wish to obtain nuclear weapons, especially those in Africa, are now choosing to spend state funds on their acquisition rather than their conventional military forces. This can often lead these states to become dependent upon their nuclear weapons; which makes all-out nuclear war all the more likely. However what creates the most strain on relations arguably is the fact that it would appear that there is the consensus among a few that it is acceptable for certain states to retain their nuclear programs but others cannot even start or continue their own. Whilst arguably in support of the UNs non-proliferation program, todays emerging nuclear states have a great difficulty in getting the international institutions to allow them to have any nuclear capabilities. States are forced to give up their programs under international pressure, but also due to the influence of the US. This often causes animosity between the nuclear-weapon states and those seeking a nuclear program. As seen recently with the case of Iran, the US and European Union has tried to persuade other countries such as Russia and China to start placing sanctions against President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad for refusing to relinquish its nuclear program. Whilst some would say that this is hypocritical of the nuclear-weapon stat es, it would appear they are seeking to set an example. On 8th April 2010, the two former Cold War Superpowers, and the current two largest nuclear powers in the world, the US and Russia, signed a new treaty that promised the 30% reduction of their nuclear armoury. President Obama stated himself that, By upholding our own commitments under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, we strengthen our global efforts to stop the spread of these weapons, and to ensure that other nations meet their own responsibilities; a clear sign to other states that they do have the right to a moral high-ground placing pressure on Iran and the like. The issue of climate change came to the forefront of international politics towards the end of the Cold War with the first UN Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm in 1972. Since then the threat that climate change poses to the modern world has been a top priority for all UN member states. Perhaps what makes this issue so threatening is the lack of control and the influence climate change can have within our societies. Atmospheric pollution can lead to the degradation in biodiversity which in turn threatens our food supplies, fossil fuels are set to deplete severely within the next fifty years; all of which are going to place enormous pressure on international relations. It is likely to affect the poorer countries first increasing the need for international aid on already stretched resources. This could lead certain states into pull out of the idea of collective security and focus on their own survival, thereby tearing through the international agreements and treaties put in place to prevent the affects of climate change. The community is already witnessing the reluctance of some states such as the US and China to cut down on their carbon emissions, as stated in the Kyoto Agreement, due to the adverse repercussions on their respective economic performance. This sets a precedent that makes collective action by all UN states extremely difficult as a lack of trust in the collective initiative depleats. It would appear therefore that some environmental policies are more popular than others. Whilst the fact that the world is running out of the natural resources , that we as humans have come to depend on, is a cataclysmic notion, the threat of climate change has arguably brought many parts of the international community together towards a common goal: the protection of the entire planet and therefore the continuation of the human race. Despite the fact that many of the summits held to voice the issues facing the environment has sometimes been ineffective, as seen with the Copenhagen summit in 2009, and caused rifts between states, there have been breakthroughs that suggest that progression can be made. The fact that climate change can cause so many repercussions into our manmade issues, such as the distribution of resources and the population problem, there is very little that the international community can do to stop it. It can only hope to slow its progression down. The global society faces far bigger threats within human control with the proliferation of nuclear weapo ns that could lead to the premature destruction of the world if placed in the wrong hands. Improving Student Engagement | Literature Review Improving Student Engagement | Literature Review Warwick, P., Hennessy, S. Mercer, N. (2011) Promoting teacher and school development through co-enquiry: developing interactive whiteboard use in a dialogic classroom. The authors reason for conducting the study was to show that an interactive whiteboard (IWB) can be a key classroom tool and that it can be used as a vital instrument in dialogic manor. The authors, Paul Warwick, Sara Hennessy and Neil Mercer, report on the works of three classroom teachers, who confidently use an interactive whiteboard (IWB) in their classrooms. The authors clearly state that they wanted to conduct their study because Given the pervasiveness of IWBs in the UK, we wished to explore the development of its uses in the classroom where there was a dialogic pedagogy. (Warwick, Hennessy and Mercer, 2011, p. 303). It is obvious from the start that the authors firmly believe that IWBs play a major part in a childrens learning and that an IWB is a crucial resource when it comes to teaching practices today. Their argument is reinforced by their suggestions in the hypothesis. The authors also state that an IWB plays a key part in maintaining a childs engagement during their learning. However this is the first point of the research where the authors can be criticised for not recognising that there are a number of different factors and methods that can influence a childs commitment and engagement to learning. Some different examples of other factors that can have an influence on a childs engagement with their learning can be seen in the Four aces of effective teaching Ace 3: Engagement (Walls, 1999). One method mentioned is that a class teacher should limit a discussion to no more than 30 minutes before introducing a learning activity (Walls Cather, 1987). This learning activity doesnt need to be one using an IWB; it can be done on paper etc. All the way through this research paper Warwick, Hennessy and Mercer make numerous claims about IWB and the way teachers use them. However, there are studies that have shown that teachers have only been considered capable when they have grasped specific technological skills, such as using an IWB. An example of an article that states this is one conducted by the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt (1992), they state that technology is a teachers liberator to help re-establish the role and value of the classroom teacher. Teachers must enter into collaboration or partnership with technology in order to create a community that nurtures, encourages, and engages the learning processes. Nevertheless, Warwick, Hennessy and Mercer (2011) dispute this by stating that it is in fact the classroom teacher that is vital in stimulating dialogic approach not the IWB. However they do state that the IWB does have an important role in the classroom, but this is only correct when it is used in an engaging and suitable manner in the classroom. To conclude, the information gathered from the research shows that IWB play a key role in the classroom, but they shouldnt be seen as being a replacement for teaching or the classroom teacher. This study highlights the need of a teacher and that they need to develop relationships with children in their class so that they can conduct solid lessons that will engage their pupils, which will then lead onto developing dialogical pedagogy. I believe that additional studies are needed when it comes to the outcomes of the use of IWBs in the classroom. Simon et al. (2008) Puppets promoting engagement and talk in science. The impacts of using puppets in classrooms has become a popular research point for writers. During the same time period of Simon et al. (2008) writing about the impacts of puppet use in the classroom, there was also a similar research going on with the impact of puppets in Maths lessons. However, the main focus of the authors writing this article was to conclude whether or not the use of puppets in science lessons, stimulated the pupils to be more actively involved in their science lessons and also to see if the puppets could encourage childrens talk in science lessons. The research was designed to conclude weather the use of large puppets would help teachers to change their whole class discourse (Simon et al., (2008), p.1229) in their science lessons. A key strength of the research for the article was that it focuses on a vast amount of different ideas. The research was carried out by a mixture of teachers, across two different regions, interviewing two different age groups; 7-9 and 10-11, and the teachers had the option of using one or two puppets. From the research of Neil Mercer and Lyn Dawes (2008) about exploratory talk, the authors of this article discuss the importance of communication with other children, so that the children have the skill to critically participate with their peers and their peers ideas. Simon et al. (2008) claims that the use of puppets assists in this area. When children start to enter a more in depth conversation with the puppet, the puppet can provide encouragement or interest in the childs responses, which then generates talk which involves the whole class, or talk on a peer to peer level. Therefore, from using the puppet can promote reasoning, problem solving and explanations, which are all key factors in science lessons. The research that was carried out for this article was strong in various ways. Firstly, the focus wasnt just in a single school, it was in two different areas of England; Manchester and London. Secondly, there were two different age groups that were examined, and both of these groups had pupils who had a different response to the puppets. Thirdly, the teachers had the option to introducing a single puppet to the class, or they could introduce two puppets to the class. Some teachers used two puppets in a lesson whilst others used only one. Though using two puppets enabled teachers to set up discussion by getting the puppets to put forward opposing views, teachers found that one puppet was much simpler to use whilst still making it possible to present problems and to set up cognitive conflict. (Simon at al., (2008) p. 1243) Finally, the use of the pilot study to find out more information and gain more of an understanding into the use of puppets helped finalise the main study for the ar ticle. Therefore, because of the strong research strategy, the final research produces remarkable but rigorous results. One of the main disadvantages of this study was that training the teachers to correctly and effectively use the puppets acquired a lot of time. Even though this was good for the research side, the amount of time spent of training the teachers wouldnt be practical for every teacher, especially teachers in larger schools. This then brings up an issue; if teachers dont have experience with puppets and havent had training would the puppets be as effective as they were during the research stage. Overall, this article has proven that using a puppet during science lessons has been effective when trying to create talk. This has been backed up from the interviews, with pupils and teachers. The interviews also revealed that pupils who are often more shy and dont contribute as much in lessons, were more confident during lessons where a puppet was used as they felt at ease talking to a puppet. In my own practice, I will be using a puppet throughout the curriculum as I feel that the use of a puppet will engage the children and improve class and pupil discussions. However, before I feel fully confident in using a puppet, I will practice with a smaller group and build up to using the puppet in front of the whole class. Brown K Kennedy H (2011) Learning through conversation: exploring and extending teacher and childrens involvement in classroom talk School Psychology International 32 (4) pp377-396 This article discusses the professional development progression over a twelve week period, that six teachers in the UK, who work at a school with children who have been recognised has having social, emotional and behavioural difficulties. The main research area for the article is focused on how teachers use conversation in their class to help integrate childrens ideas and link these to the learning progression. Through reflective and exploratory discussion, enhanced by videos of interactive sequences within classes, teachers explored and developed aspects of their interactional styles. Brown K Kennedy H (2011) One of the key strengths of the research is that two educational phycologists (EPs) were also heavily involved with the researched and they worked alongside the six teachers. With reference to Schoà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦s model of reflective teaching (1983), the class teachers and the EPs intended to reflect on the teachers interactional methods that happened within the teaching. They also wanted to be able to work together to discover and extend classroom conversations. Therefore, through reflective and exploratory conversation with the EPs and with the help of recordings of interactive sessions that happened within the class, teachers watched back their lessons and were then able to explore and develop aspects of their interactional methods of teaching that they used with their class. At the end of the twelve weeks, the videos and recordings taken were compared. The main focus was to see the changes between the beginning sessions to the sessions at the end of the project. Brown K Kennedy H (2011) stated that from the teachers looking back at their lessons, and working alongside the EPs they were able to adapt a change in their lessons to promote talk. Changes included the teachers using conversation to build more on childrens ideas and actively support the cooperation between children. Changes in the nature of talk amongst children showed evidence of building more on ideas within conversations and making less new initiatives. The changes in conversations are considered with reference to childrens participation and learning. Brown K Kennedy H (2011) Given the importance of childrens metacognitive awareness of interactive processes within the class (Mercer, 2000), I feel that one of the main weaknesses of this article and its research was that it would have been useful to have a greater insight into the changes that occurred throughout the lessons, from the points of view of the children that were involved with the study involved. All the children who participated did so voluntarily, however, they were not included in the ongoing preparation, development, and evaluation. The children involved might have provided valuable insights into how the learning procedure seemed from their point of view, and how they felt that changes the teachers made worked for them, especially when the teachers developed their interactional styles. I would be interesting to see what extent the children felt the changes had on their incentive, contribution and learning. Overall, this research has shown that looking back and watching how you have interacted with the children and what interaction styles you use can have an impact on childrens learning. The article has also proven Schoà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦s model of reflective teaching (1983) to be effective, as the if the teachers hadnt looked back and reflected on their interactional styles, there wouldnt have been any progression in talk. I will now use different interactional styles during my lessons, and I also feel that it would be beneficial for me to record myself teaching and watch this back to help me improved on my own teaching skills.